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Master of Arts Part-II Paper - V System amp; Theories in Psychology Objective : To acquaint the students with systems and theories in psychology. The Scheme of the Question Paper : 1. The paper will consist of five units. 2. There will be two chapter in each unit. 3. Every chapter in the unit should be given equal weightage in the examination. 4. Question paper should be drawn with the Internal Option in such a way that students should not omit any chapter. Marking Scheme : * Total Marks : 100 * Each unit carry equal marks in the question paper * Each chapter in the should have equal weightage of 10 marks. Unit - 1 Chapter : 1 Structuralism amp; Functionalism :†¦show more content†¦Unit - 1 Chapter : 1 Looking at Abnormality * Definition of Abnormal Psychology * Defining Abnormality - Cultural Relativism - Unusualness - Discomfort - Mental illness criterion - Maladaptiveness * Historical Perspective on Abnormality * Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology * Classification of Abnormal Behavior Chapter : 2 Contemporary Theories of Abnormality * Biological Approaches * Psychological Approaches * Sociocultural Approaches Unit - 2 Chapter : 3 Anxiety Disorders * Panic Disorder * Phobic Disorder * Generalized Anxiety Disorder * PTSD - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder * OCD - Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Chapter : 4 Dissociative amp; Somatoform Disorders * Dissociative Disorders - Dissociative Identity Disorder - Dissociative Fugue - Dissociative Amnesia - Depersonalization Disoders - Casual Factors in Dissociative Disorders - Treatment for Dissociative Disorders * Somatoform Disorders - Distiguishing Somatoform Disorders from Related Disorders - Conversion Disorder - Somatization Disorder and Pain Disorder - Hypochondriasis * Body Dysmorphic Disorder * Casual factors in Somatoform Disorders *

Mountain Men and The Path to the Pacific Free Essays

Reading this book was like listening to tall tales told around the dancing flames of a faraway campfire. One can almost hear the Grizzly’s roar, the rushing river, the war cries of long forgotten warriors, and almost smell the mountain forests. Therein lies the key to the author’s approach to historical storytelling: in this book, as in his many other histories written for popular consumption on American western subjects, he vividly and impeccably writes gripping and detailed narratives about well researched colorful individuals on the frontiers of the nineteenth century. We will write a custom essay sample on Mountain Men and The Path to the Pacific or any similar topic only for you Order Now He successfully provides the context for these narratives with an easy to understand explanation of America’s western expansion, and seamlessly bundles the entirety into a stylishly written story. Utley focuses on the period between the Lewis and Clark Expedition in1804 and the end of the western expansion era in the 1850s. He chooses his subjects not only because they provided the critical first movement of America into it’s Far West, but because, he argues, their memoirs, maps, and knowledge of geography and the local Native Americans made future settlement possible. I found his thesis well proven. The author provides a brief historical context in each chapter and relates his subject’s adventures from the bottom up – often quoting vivid primary sources that exposes their contradictions — their courage and illiteracy, ambition and uncouthness, their hunger for adventure and appetite for violence, and their often inevitable tragic endings. Each chapter focuses on one or two colorful personalities, men with names like Crazy Bill Williams and Jeremiah Liver-Eating Johnson. The compelling personalities may not contribute to proving the author’s thesis, but they do make the book an enjoyable read. The author devotes more than just one chapter to his favorite, Jedediah Smith, a man as austere as his colleagues were abrasive, who carefully mapped and detailed his travels.   Smith perfectly embodies the author’s thesis, that the mountain men’s maps and journals were essential to the opening of the Far West. Utley believes that Smith was â€Å"point man in the contest for Oregon†[1], and did more to open the Far Western frontier than any other early pioneer did.   Utley notes that Smith was a man in sharp contrast to most other mountaineers, such as Jim Bridger, who were stereotypical mountain men, full of whiskey and gall and telling tall tales, as did Bridger, about petrified forests with â€Å"peetrified birds singing peetrified songs†.[2] Utley writes a revealing key passage about President Jefferson that delineates the book’s central approach to the subject of the Mountain Men. In 1802, Jefferson read a British trapper’s memoir about his travels in the NorthWest. Alexander Mackenzie’s book inspired Jefferson to send a band of hearty men on a reconnaissance to scout the unknown Far West, â€Å"†¦to discover the continental passage, colonize the Pacific Coast and tap it’s fur resources, and establish commerce with the Orient.[3]   In Utley’s view, this was no mere reconnaissance, it was the first step in what was to be a century of nation building. Utley expands the scope of his book by elevating Lewis and Clark, who Jefferson delegated to lead this expedition into the new territories of the Louisiana Purchase, and those who later continued the Western exploration, as being more than explorers and trappers, they were expansionists who guided America to its westward boundary on the Pacific. By elevating the significance of his subjects, Utley elevates the overall importance of his book. Utley begins in 1804, with the Corps of Discovery’s expedition to survey the new lands. Frontiersmen and others familiar with the ways of the Native Americans joined Lewis and Clark’s expedition, such as John Colter, a riverboat pioneer, and George Drouillard, a hunter who was half Shawnee and fluent in Indian sign language. The Corps of Discovery mapped the new land, but they also reported a wilderness ripe for trapping and settlement. What the Lewis and Clark Expedition reported on their return enthralled the nation and fired the imaginations of Americans hungry for opportunity. The first to start the movement west were independent entrepreneurs hoping to enrich themselves by harvesting the abundant wildlife – the hunter-trappers. The book chronologically and geographically charts the progress of the mountaineers, always using the mountain men’s history of discovery, exploitation of resources, and mutual cooperation. Utley uses copious primary sources, including the detailed day-to-day diary of Jedediah Smith, who catalogued minutia, such as the changing beaver population, and high drama, such as having his scalp sewn back on to his head after a Grizzly clawed him. â€Å"If you have a needle and thread, git it out and sew up my wounds around my head,† he asked of a fellow trapper [4].   Utley quotes other primary sources, such as John Bradley, a naturalist who kept a detailed journal traveling with a trapping expedition to the Pacific led by John Jacob Astor. [5] Utley addresses what motivated these early pioneers of the Far West, quoting   Warren Angus Ferris, â€Å"Westward Ho! It is the sixteenth of the second month, A.D. 1830 and I have joined a trapping, trading, hunting expedition to the Rocky Mountains. Why, I scarcely know for the motives that induced me to this step were of a mixed complexion†¦Curiosity, a love of wild adventure, and perhaps also a hope of profit.† [6] Utley draws on primary sources to describe a run-in between Hugh Glass and a Grizzly with cubs: â€Å"He lay on his back, bleeding from gashes in his scalp, face, chest, back, shoulder, arm, hand, and thigh. With each gasp, blood bubbled from a puncture in his throat.† Glass’ companions, thinking him near death, left him and went ahead. But Glass was made of true mountain man grit. He rallied, and crawled back to civilization. Utley writes, â€Å"Berries and a torpid rattlesnake smashed with a stone provided his first nourishment. The Grand River supplied water. He dug edible roots with a sharp rock. Chance turned up a dead buffalo with marrow still rich in the bones. Later wolves brought down a buffalo calf that he succeeded in seizing. In a six-week demonstration of incredible strength, fortitude, luck, and determination, Glass crawled back to Fort Kiowa, nearly two hundred miles.† This story exemplifies Utley’s dramatic flair by using colorful characters and events in writing history designed to appeal to the mass audience. Utley addresses the social identity of the mountain men, profiling the diverse sampling of immigrants and culturally dysfunctional individuals willing to live a solitary existence, disconnected from family and community. He examines their alliances with Native tribes, occasionally even marrying into the tribe, and develops a theme that these alliances produced a significant contribution in maintaining peaceful relations, and obtaining future tribal cooperation in exploration and provisioning. Utley also recounts the annual trapper Frolics, when mountaineers gathered to sell their furs and skins to retail traders, replenish their weapons and supplies, swapped tall tales, and threw the frontier equivalent of a modern fraternity toga party. While Utley always presents colorful events and personalities, he always returns to his primary theme – that the detailed maps and knowledge that the mountain men recorded and shared with each other made it possible for others to later navigate the unknown and difficult mountain regions. That their information filled the vacuum of understanding about the new territories and directly prompted the great western expansion, revealing the best routes to cross rivers and mountain passes in summer and winter, as well as where there was relative safety and where danger was to found. In a later, secondary wave of exploration, Utley relates how one veteran mountain man, Kit Carson, led several military expeditions in the early and mid-1840s to the Far West to consolidate the government’s domain and control of the new territories. Commanded by John C. Fremont, who would become known thereafter as â€Å"The Pathfinder,† the expeditions continued and completed the Western exploration started by Lewis and Clark. Utley argues that these military expeditions promoted the great waves of emigration by wagon trains across the Sierra Nevada Mountains to Oregon and California. A note about Utley’s illustrations, mostly period artwork and primary source period maps. At first glance they seemed lifeless, but they ultimately provided something akin to a Rosetta Stone that helped this reader to comprehend the enormity what the mountain men faced and endured. The joy the author demonstrates through-out the book reveals his almost spiritual identification with his subjects and the terrain they pioneered. His enthusiasm and command of detail serves to fully engage the reader, which to me is the gift of a great history book. But as much as the book succeeds, its methodology raises questions about it’s limitations: the author is invested in his own formulaic pattern of popular storytelling, one wonders whether he is choosing his subjects for marketability over significance. The book is informative, engaging, and enjoyable, even inspiring, but its formulaic approach may remove the potential for revolutionary perspective or revealing interpretation. This may be an inevitable consequence of success for any historian, and I suppose one most historians would welcome, but it may limit the book’s scholarly potential. One additional criticism: in Utley’s view, the Mountain Men pursued commerce and produced national growth, but the narrative accepts their chauvinist behavior without judgment and accepts their cruelty virtually without comment, which many could interpret as a lack of balance. The ideal popular demographic target for this book are those who love American historical adventure: those who love John Ford’s films, or Ken Burn’s Civil War documentary, or books about Mountain Men. If one enjoyed the film about Jeremiah Johnson starring Robert Redford, this is a history book made for you. For scholars, it provides an engrossing and interesting read that doesn’t sacrifice its historical themes. For young students, it successfully presents those details that fire the imagination. In other words, its sweeping panorama deserves its sweeping audience. I enjoyed reading it, learned from it, and re [1] P.67 [2] p.173 [3] p.3 [4] p.56 [5] p.24 [6] p.149 How to cite Mountain Men and The Path to the Pacific, Essay examples

A Tale Of Two Cities The Arche Essay Example For Students

A Tale Of Two Cities The Arche Essay Archetypal Characters: Characters are presented from the start of the novel as good or evil. There are no characters that the reader see as good and turn out to be evil at the end or vica versa. Their goodness or evilness is clearly shown from the beginning. A Tale of Two Cities takes place in England and France, during the time of the French Revolution. A Tale of Two Cities is a classic novel, where Charles Dickens presents to the reader archetypal main characters. From the beginning of the novel, the reader can know whether the characters are evil or not. In the novel, the main character, Sydney Carton, also contributes a lot to the theme of the novel-every individual should have both moral and physical courage, and should be able to sacrifice everything in the name of love. We will write a custom essay on A Tale Of Two Cities The Arche specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Sydney Carton has been presented as the worthless human being. He was always drunk. He did not acquire any high social position. He was always alone and lonely. Nobody loved him and nobody respected him. I care for no man on earth, and no man on earth cares for me said Carton (page 99). However, Sydney Carton did never cause any harm to anybody, but actually helped the people around him. Sydney Carton was physically identical to Charles Darnay. When Darnay was being prosecuted for treason against the English government, Carton allowed Mr. Stryver (the lawyer Carton worked for) to reveal him Look well upon that gentleman, my learned friend there, and then look well upon the prisoner. How say you? Are they very like each other? said Stryver (page 86). My lord inquired of Mr. Stryver, whether they were next to try Mr. Carton for treason? But Mr. Stryver replied no (Page 86). The court then released Darnay. This was one of the ways Sydney Carton presented assistance to others, and that s hows that he is a good person who does not mind helping other people. After the trial Carton and Darnay met with each other, and they had a talk. Mr. Carton had told Darnay that he hated him because Lucy loved him. Couple of months after this incident, Mr. Carton asked to meet with Mr. Darnay. Carton asked Darnay to forgive him for the previous incident and also asked him to be his friend. Mr. Darnay, I wish we might be friends said Carton (page 251) On the drunken occasion in question, I was insufferable about liking you and not liking you, I wish you would forget it said Carton (page 252). This also proves that deep down in Cartons heart, he carried to hatred but love for people, since he practically apologized to Darnay. Couple of Years after, the French Revolution had started. Charles Darnay was arrested. He was to be executed because he was an Evremonde. Sydney Carton made his arrangements and decided to die instead of him. Carton did that because he loved Lucy Manette (Darnays wife) very much and he wanted her to remain happy all her life. Indeed Sydney Carton was a drunk looser. However, he helped a lot of souls around him. He saved peoples lives and he made other peoples lives happier. Dr. Alexander Manette was a prisoner in the Bastille for eighteen years. He was an innocent man; however, he was captured and put in prison by the brothers DEvremonde. Dr. Manette helped a lot of people throughout his life; he sometimes sacrificed his own happiness for his beloved daughter, Lucy. Before Dr. Manette was sent to prison, he had done his best to help Madam Defarges family. Her family was captured by the Evremonde and were abused then killed. However, she escaped. Dr. Manette tried to offer them help to the fullest extent. He never turned his back on them, whenever they needed him he was always there. A while after that Dr. Manette was put in prison. During this period, he wrote a journal denouncing the brothers Evremonde and all their descendants. Charles Darnay was an Evremonde. Charles Darnay told Dr. Manette that he loved Lucy and she loved him. He also told him about his real name. He did not want to keep

Spanning Change Essay Research Paper The fifty free essay sample

Crossing Change Essay, Research Paper The 50 twelvemonth span between 1870 and 1920 in United States history found our great, turning state fighting with many economic, racial and societal crisis. Rules were made and broken. Walls were built and torn down. Lines were drawn and crossed. With a immense cultural chasm yawning out across an unseeable landscape, rocked on its foundations by a civil war, the United States of America stood at a hamlets, It was now come ining chartless district. Would it allow the downpour of differences and disaffection between itself and its vanquished other half divide the state everlastingly? Or would it hold the fortitude, patience, and clemency to get down the heart-rending undertaking of seting the pieces back together once more and genuinely going # 8220 ; one state, under God, indivisible, with autonomy and justness for all # 8221 ; ? Though emotionally exhausted from its assuredly un-civil war, and except for the decimated South, the states economic wellness was first-class. We will write a custom essay sample on Spanning Change Essay Research Paper The fifty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page New chances abounded for the immature and enterprising in the big metropoliss that were turning of all time larger thanks to the inundation of immigrants seeking for the American dream. And in this new post-Civil War epoch criterions remained inactive in many countries, were raised in others, and surely, most glaringly in the political-economic sphere, fell in others. Great wealth, power, and prosperity accumulated rapidly after the Civil War, and everyone wanted a manus in it. However, because criterions were so slack in the political-economic country, a preoccupation with stuff and pecuniary addition increased. Men whose chief claim to this newfound wealth and power ( features surely envied ) was through corruptness and pitilessness. A good illustration of one of these work forces was # 8220 ; # 8230 ; John D. Rockefeller in oil. He saw a market place of immense incorporate companies, collaborating to avoid competition. The virtuousness of this new signifier of production, for Rockefeller, was its efficiency. Then he [ Rockefeller ] set out to extinguish competition: they could sell out to him at his monetary value: they could go his agents ; or they could be destroyed # 8221 ; ( 261 Carol Noble ) . Not merely another term for # 8220 ; endurance of the fittest # 8221 ; , efficiency and being efficient would revolutionise the industrial age, its people, and its civilization. The humming and spread outing continent, for all its corruptness and crudenesss, embodied advancement, and nil would stand in its manner. Rockefeller would travel on to talk prophetically about the societal alterations to come: # 8220 ; The twenty-four hours of combination is here to remain. Individualism has gone, neer to return # 8221 ; ( 261 Carol Noble ) . As individuality was being ground up and replaced under the heels of industrialism, another # 8220 ; -ism # 8221 ; , racism, and second-class citizenship towards immigrants, inkinesss, and anyone with a different faith, remained unchanged. Peoples from all walks of life that had come to the land of chance were progressively forced into working aboard one another. # 8220 ; Corporate leaders good understood and the exploited the cultural groups within the labour force # 8221 ; ( 265 Carol Noble ) . Piting inkinesss against Whites, Whites against Whites, Swedes against Slovaks, and Catholics against Jews, the fat cat # 8217 ; s merely sat back and laughed. # 8220 ; They intentionally worked to intensify bitterness between them # 8221 ; ( 265 Carol Noble ) . This, to me, is a really abhorrent side to the new industrial age and its efficiency. These alleged # 8220 ; leaders # 8221 ; exploited many honest, hardworking people because of their ethnicity, low-class, and ignorance. Sp urred on by their greed, their foremans greed, and avaricious human nature in general. Treating people like they were animate beings in hunt of the all-powerful vaulting horse. To a little grade in their defence, Ameri ca had neer been here earlier. It neer had industries, corporations, and things of this nature. It now had big railwaies linking the state to do â€Å"†¦it possible for regional specialisation to be linked to the national economy† ( 260 Carol Noble ) . This was all new and people took advantage of it like pigs to spill. No subject, no planning or believing in front. It was all traveling to last forever is what they likely thought. However, one people, one race, had been here earlier. Subjected to unheard of intervention, domination, and maltreatment for the past four 100 and some uneven old ages, African-Americans did non cognize what to make with their new found freedom. # 8220 ; This kid race had received entire counsel from the Whites during the period of bondage # 8221 ; ( 252 Carol Noble ) . Though they were non considered slaves any longer, they might every bit good have been. Ostracized to a pathetic extent in about every imaginable country, inkinesss were still hated by southern Whites like Adolph Hitler hated the Jews. # 8220 ; This crusading bias produced stiff signifiers of societal segregation between 1890 and 1910 # 8243 ; ( 254 Carol Noble ) . Many people thought segregation would work merely all right. Many others did non. Among them were the 1s who could really make something about it # 8230 ; the # 8220 ; leaders # 8221 ; . Many of them # 8220 ; # 8230 ; advocated the exile of inkines ss, [ while ] other northern leaders listened to more utmost proposals, such as # 8220 ; to castrate the full Negroe race # 8221 ; ( 255 Carol Noble ) . These prejudice work forces would turn over over in their Gravess at the advancement inkinesss would travel on to do by the latter half of the 20th century versus the late 19th century. Blacks were non traveling to be held down m, and the squashing of the person who, in the words of Andrew Carnegie, didn # 8217 ; Ts have # 8220 ; the particular endowment required # 8221 ; to make and maintain capitol ( 46 Kammen ) . A batch of these alleged # 8220 ; untalented # 8221 ; people were of class of the working category and the new efficiency occupying the civilization had them staggering. On top of all the myriad of alterations and instability in the workplace was a new type of direction by Frederick W. Taylor. # 8220 ; # 8216 ; Taylorism # 8217 ; became an international proverb for societal control and for plans designed to do work forces function like machines # 8221 ; ( 87 Kammen ) . Of class work forces are non like machines and so can non work like them. Standards were non being raised in this critical anchor country of industry due to # 8220 ; Taylorism # 8221 ; , and labour America voiced it with # 8220 ; # 8230 ; turning labour unrest and major work stoppages, particularly in 1911-12 # 8243 ; ( 87 Kammen ) . Workers, it turned out, had encephalons and wanted to utilize them. Many of the people that were working at the bend of the 20th century were adult female, as the new efficiency pervading society pushed them out of the place and into the work force. They besides campaigned against inequality and male double-standards. Tired of remaining at place anyhow, adult females were going more vocal and independent. # 8220 ; Increasing Numberss of immature adult females attended colleges, taking to go instructors, bibliothecs, and societal workers # 8221 ; ( 242 Carol Noble ) . Chafing under restraint, adult females flexed their manner into public life and changed the manner they were viewed. In drumhead, alteration happens in all countries of life and at all times of life. It establishes itself as unpredictable, undependable, crazing. Like the butterfly theory of rolling its wings in Tokyo and making a rainstorm in Central Park, alteration is the conditions of history. One thing influences another and another, bring forthing good and bad. In life, human nature is the changeless ; it is what affects alteration. Crossing alteration Kirk Smith 902028 History 202 Mr. Hendriks 10-25-96